Chirurgie pediatrica

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie pediatrica:

Chirurgia pediatrică este specialitatea, care are ca obiect de studiu patologia chirurgicală a vârstei copilăriei (0 – 16 ani sau elevi ce au depăşit vârsta de 16 ani, până la terminarea studiilor), cu excepţia patologiei ortopedice, neurochirurgicale şi cardiovasculare a copilului.

Durata de pregatire: 5 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

Pediatric surgery focuses on providing surgical care for all problems or conditions affecting children that require surgical intervention. Pediatric surgeons are involved with diagnosis, preoperative, operative and postoperative management of surgical problems in children, and they operate on children whose development ranges from the newborn stage through the teenage years. They cooperate with those physicians involved in a child's medical care—neonatologists, pediatricians, and family physicians—to determine whether surgery is the best option for the child. 

Areas of specialization within pediatric surgery include neonatal surgery (surgical repair of birth defects), pediatric oncology (diagnosis and surgical care of children with malignant tumors and benign growths), and trauma (critical care medicine that may or may not require surgical intervention). Many pediatric surgeons are involved accident prevention programs in their communities that are aimed at curbing traumatic injuries in children. A new forefront in pediatric surgery is prenatal diagnosis and surgery (although application of most fetal surgical techniques remain in the experimental stage). 

Five types of illnesses / conditions most frequently encountered: Hernias, Congenital deformities, Appendicitis, Bowel problems, Need for venous access.

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty:

Do you enjoy working with kids? Although it is considered a subspecialty, pediatric surgery stays true to its general surgery roots because you perform operations on entire body regions: abdomen, chest, extremities, and more. 

Pediatric surgeons deal with the complex surgical problems, and their unique physiology, of kids of all ages, ranging from tiny premature newborns to maturing teenagers. Whether the problem involves a hypertrophic pyloric sphincter or a ruptured spleen, pediatric surgery is delicate, precise, and challenging. Some operations, such as the separation of conjoined twins, can be quite dramatic and life saving. 

Because accidents are the leading cause of death among children, pediatric surgeons deal with quite a bit of trauma in their work. Today, fetal surgery—surgically correcting congenital anomalies in a growing fetus—has become the hot area of this field. Pediatric surgeons naturally have to be quite adept at handling frightened children and their anxious parents.

Dupa Online Guide to Choosing A Surgical Residency (American College of Surgeons):

Pediatric surgeons are primarily concerned with the diagnosis, preoperative, operative, and postoperative management of surgical problems in children and they operate on children whose development ranges from the newborn stage through the teenage years. 

Some medical conditions in newborns are not compatible with a good quality of life unless these problems are corrected surgically. These conditions must be recognized immediately by neonatologists, pediatricians, and family physicians. Pediatric surgeons cooperate with all of the specialists involved in a child's medical care to determine whether surgery is the best option for the child.

Pediatric surgery focuses on providing surgical care for all problems or conditions affecting children that require surgical intervention. They may also have particular expertise in the following areas of responsibility: 

Neonatal 

Pediatric surgeons have specialized knowledge in the surgical repair of birth defects, some of which may be life threatening to premature and full-term infants. 

Prenatal 

In cooperation with radiologists, pediatric surgeons use ultrasound and other technologies during the fetal stage of a child's development to detect any abnormalities. They can then plan corrective surgery and educated and get to now parents before their baby is born. In addition, prenatal diagnosis may lead to fetal surgery, which is a new forefront in the subspecialty of pediatric surgery. Application of most fetal surgical techniques is still in the experimental stage. 

Trauma 

Because trauma is the number one killer of children in the United States, pediatric surgeons are routinely faced with critical care situations involving traumatic injuries sustained by children that may or may not require surgical intervention. Many pediatric surgeons are involved accident prevention programs in their communities that are aimed at curbing traumatic injuries in children. 

Pediatric Oncology 

Pediatric surgeons are involved in the diagnosis and surgical care of children with malignant tumors as well as those with benign growths.

Link-uri utile:

Online Guide to Choosing A Surgical Residency (American College of Surgeons)
Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty Profile - Pediatric Surgery
Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie Pediatrica
Leading symptoms in pediatric surgery - An instructional program for undergraduate and postgraduate study in medicine of the Institute for Medical Education (IML) and the university clinic for pediatric surgery of the Inselspital, Bern.

Video-uri utile:

Mult succes!!

Chirurgie orala si maxilo-faciala <<

>> Chirurgie plastica

Chirurgie orala si maxilo-faciala

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie orala si maxilo-faciala:

Chirurgia orală şi maxilo-facială cuprinde tratamentul chirurgical al părţilor moi cervico-faciale, al oaselor craniului visceral, al  glandelor salivare, articulaţiei temporomandibulare, diformităţilor  şi malformaţiilor cranio-faciale, plastia reconstructivă în sfera orală şi maxilo-facială şi tratamentul chirurgical al afecţiunilor dento-parodontale. 

Specialitatea cuprinde 2 părţi: 

a.  chirurgia orală, care se preocupă de studiul, prevenirea şi tratamentul chirurgical al afecţiunilor dento-parodontale: 

• chirurgia endodontică
• chirurgia preprotetică
• accidente de erupţie ale dinţilor şi incluziile dentare 
• traumatisme dento-parodontale 
• chirurgia parodontală
• inserarea implanturilor dentare 

b.  chirurgia maxilo-facială, care cuprinde patologia  şi tratamentul chirurgical al traumatismelor maxilo-mandibulare şi ale părţilor moi cervico-faciale, infecţii oro-maxilofaciale, tumori benigne ale părţilor moi şi osoase oro-maxilo-faciale, tumori maligne ale părţilor moi şi osoase oro-maxilo-faciale, bolile glandelor salivare şi ale articulaţiei temporomandibulare, diformităţi şi malformaţii congenitale ale feţei şi maxilarelor, durerea în sfera oro-maxilo-facială, plastia reconstructivă după defecte oro-maxilo-faciale etc.

Durata de pregatire: 5 ani (cu dubla licenta Medicina Generala/Medicina Dentara)

În conformitate cu recomandările organismelor de specialitate ale Comunităţii Europene, specialiştii în chirurgia orală şi maxilo-facială trebuie să posede o dublă licenţă, cea de absolvent al Facultăţii de Medicină Dentară şi de absolvent al Facultăţii de Medicină Generală.  

În acest context, pot fi acceptaţi la specializare în chirurgia orală şi maxilo-facială absolvenţi ai Facultăţii de Medicină Dentară (care îşi completează studiile de Medicină Generală) şi absolvenţi ai Facultăţii de Medicină (care îşi completează studiile de medicină dentară).

Dupa University of Maryland Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Associates:

What is Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery?

Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery is a surgical specialty which involves the diagnosis, surgery and adjunctive treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving both the functional and aesthetic aspects of the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region.

More simply put, the oral and maxillofacial surgeon is the orthopedic surgeon of the facial region. He or she is an individual who addresses problems ranging from the removal of impacted teeth to the repair of facial trauma.

What are some reasons to visit an Oral-Maxillofacial Surgeon?

• Have teeth replaced by having dental implants inserted;
• Have oral surgical procedures performed in the office under outpatient  ambulatory anesthesia;
• Have a jaw, oral, or facial cyst or tumor diagnosed, removed and reconstructed;
• Have your jaw aligned with orthognathic surgery;
• Have your jaw joint(s) repaired with TMJ surgery;
• Have facial and jaw reconstruction following cancer surgery;
• Have your facial bones realigned after facial trauma;
• Have a consultation to determine whether you are a candidate for aesthetic surgery;
• Have a tooth extracted.

Dupa American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons:

Their extensive education and training, surgical expertise and unparalleled understanding of esthetics and function uniquely qualify them to treat the conditions, defects, injuries and esthetic aspects of the mouth, teeth, jaws and face. Patients who complain of pain or problems in this area are routinely referred to an oral and maxillofacial surgeon for help.

Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are well-prepared to:

• Manage diseases of the teeth and their supporting soft and hard tissues;
• Surgically reconstruct inadequate bone structure in the jaw area;
• Evaluate, plan a course of treatment and place dental implants to replace one, two or a mouthful of missing teeth;
• Expertly treat head and neck trauma and injuries to the face, jaws, mouth and teeth;
• Diagnose and treat facial pain;
• Diagnose and treat oral cancer and other diseases in the maxillofacial region;
• Perform corrective jaw surgery to improve the function and appearance of patients with such conditions as cleft lip and palate and other congenital defects;
• Diagnose and surgically treat obstructive sleep apnea;
• Perform facial cosmetic procedures to enhance facial appearance and function.

Link-uri utile:

The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon (American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons)

How to become an oral and maxillofacial surgeon (BMJ Careers)

Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie orala si maxilo-faciala

Traseul curricular (stagii in rezidentiat)

Video-uri utile:

Mult succes!!

Chirurgie generala <<

>> Chirurgie pediatrica

Chirurgie generala

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie generala:

Chirurgia generală este specialitatea ce se ocupă cu diagnosticul  şi tratamentul afecţiunilor chirurgicale ale abdomenului precum  şi a altor afecţiuni chirurgicale care fac obiectul altor specialităţi, ce necesită tehnici speciale cum ar fi traumatisme, afecţiuni vasculare, genitale, urologice, toracice, endocrine, neurochirurgicale, chirurgie oncologică etc.

Durata de pregatire: 6 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

General Surgery is a discipline of surgery having a central core of knowledge common to all surgical specialties—anatomy, physiology, metabolism, immunology, nutrition, pathology, wound healing, shock and resuscitation, intensive care, and neoplasia. General surgeons are trained to manage a broad spectrum of diseases and injuries affecting almost any area of the body that requires surgical intervention.  These physicians are involved in diagnosis, preoperative, operative and postoperative care of the surgical patient, and they are trained to provide comprehensive management of trauma and complete care of critically ill patients with underlying surgical conditions. Although its scope is broad, general surgery usually involves the abdomen, breasts, peripheral vasculature, skin and neck. 

Today’s general surgeons rarely perform neurologic, orthopaedic, thoracic, or urologic procedures, but they should be familiar with other surgical specialties to know when to refer a patient to another specialist. They should possess excellent manual dexterity and make decisions quickly and decisively.  

Common conditions encountered: Breast disease, Gall bladder disease, Hernias, GI cancer, Acute abdomen/appendicitis.

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty:

Surgeons save lives and heal the sick with their own hands. Surgery is the ultimate curative therapy for many patients and is an essential part of modern medicine. It is a career of constant excitement, high energy, quick decisions, and intellectual stimulation. No day is the same as the one before, and you learn to expect the unexpected. It is extremely gratifying to see the immediate results of your actions: the changes you make in your patients’ anatomy and in the quality of their lives.

General surgery primarily encompasses diseases of the abdominal organs, breast, skin, and endocrine glands.

Surgeons are also knowledgeable in many aspects of critical care, such as manipulating ventilator settings and adjusting powerful blood pressure medications. Many patients undergoing complicated operations are still sick and unstable after leaving the operating room, requiring extensive management in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU).

They treat diseases of the entire body that may or may not require surgical intervention. Some common examples include appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction, peri-anal abscesses, and a myriad of cancers. The diversity of general surgery extends past the strictly surgical into endocrine issues (thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal disorders) as well as the complications of diabetes (leg ulcers, peripheral vascular disease). Obesity, an epidemic sweeping across the US population, has also become the realm of the surgeon, with stomach stapling and gastric bypass procedures receiving a remarkable amount of media attention. Although the basic principles of surgery have not changed in over a century, the field continues to develop, as highlighted by the introduction of innumerable elegant and ingenious laparoscopic procedures over the past decade. The most avant garde frontier is robotic surgery, which is now gaining momentum in both the pediatric and adult populations. These new and evolving aspects give aspiring surgeons the opportunity use their ingenuity to expand medical horizons.

Knowing the entire anatomy of the human body inside and out is absolutely essential, especially when many patients may have a normal anatomic variant. For instance, a routine gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy) can easily become quite complicated.

The practice of surgery takes a team approach. Although the surgeon performs the procedure itself, they are never alone in the care of the patient.

When choosing a specialty, medical students who dislike the idea of having to wait weeks to months to see if a pharmacologic treatment works gravitate toward the fast-paced surgical specialties, where you can see the results of your efforts right away.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD

SURGEON?

• Has excellent hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity.
•  Can think quickly and act decisively.
• Enjoys mastering new technology.
• Demands the highest level of perfection.
• Is an energetic, dedicated, and compassionate physician.

Patients are entrusting their welfare and their lives to your clinical judgment and technical skill. They are apprehensive about undergoing even simple operations like removing an obstructed gallbladder or an inflamed appendix. It is a daunting, frightening experience to allow another person to cut them open and manipulate their internal organs. At this point, patients are unable to answer questions,  express their wants or beliefs, or provide any input regarding their care. A good surgeon takes time to reassure the patient before operating. As a surgeon, you have to convey that you will act in your patient’s best interest and stand by  your word.

The lifestyle of a surgeon—whether a resident, fellow, or attending—is infamous. Before heading off to a full day in the operating room, surgeons have to round on their pre- and postoperative patients quite early in the morning. There is no argument that surgical training is indeed quite rigorous, perhaps the most time consuming and physically draining of all specialties in medicine. 

Students who love a fast pace and high energy will thrive in this field.

Link-uri utile:

Why I chose Surgery

Guide to choosing a surgical residency

Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty profile - General Surgery

Traseul curricular (stagii in rezidentiat)

Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie generala

Video-uri utile:

Mult succes!!

Chirurgie cardiovasculara <<

>> Chirurgie orala si maxilo-faciala

Chirurgie cardiovasculara

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie cardiovasculara:

Chirurgia cardiovasculară este specialitatea chirurgicală care se ocupă cu diagnosticul şi tratamentul chirurgical al bolilor cardiovasculare (afecţiuni congenitale, afecţiuni câştigate, afecţiuni ale vascularizaţiei cordului, anevrisme, disecţii sau ocluzii ale trunchiurilor cranio-braheo-cefalice, arterelor, venelor şi limfaticelor).

Durata de pregatire: 6 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

nota: In SUA, chirurgia cardiovasculara si chirurgia toracica sunt grupate in Cardiothoracic surgery sau doar Thoracic surgery, chirurgii supraspecializandu-se fie pe chestiuni cardiace sau pulmonare/legate de peretele toracic. La noi se merge direct pe una dintre cele doua filiere: Chirurgie cardiovasculara sau Chirurgie toracica.

Asadar:

Thoracic surgery, also known as cardiothoracic surgery and cardiovascular and thoracic surgery, encompasses all types of surgery within the chest cavity, which includes the heart, lungs and esophagus.  Thoracic surgeons are concerned with the operative, perioperative, and critical care of patients with pathologic conditions of the chest.  

Surgeons in this subspecialty often focus on certain organs and procedures within the chest cavity. A cardiac surgeon deals primarily with the surgical management of diseases of the blood supply to the heart, the heart valves, and the arteries and veins in the chest. A general thoracic surgeon treats emphysema; tumors of the lung, esophagus, chest wall, and mediastinum; swallowing problems and gastroesophageal reflux; abnormalities of the trachea; and diseases of the diaphragm. A congenital heart surgeon performs surgical corrections of heart defects and furnishes cardiovascular support to infants and children. Any of these subspecialists may perform heart, lung, and combined heart-lung transplantations. 

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty:

Cardiothoracic surgeons are experts on the heart, its complex physiology, and particularly the art of cardiopulmonary bypass. Within the domain of the heart, lungs, and mediastinum, they perform some of the most time consuming,regimented, and physically challenging of all operations. Their patients often leave the operating room in a critically ill state and head to the SICU for postoperative recovery. Surgery of the heart is delicate and fascinating. These surgeons treat conditions like blocked coronary arteries, thoracic aneurysms, and congenital abnormalities.

On the thoracic side, they also perform pulmonary resections (e.g., on patients with lung cancer), mediastinoscopy, and bronchoscopy, just to name a few. They also perform esophageal surgery for cancer, achalasia, and other disorders of the esophagus. 

Link-uri interesante:

• Exploring Cardiothoracic Surgery (Include un video care acopera: Subspecialties, Day-to-Day Clinical Duties, Patient/Disease Demographics, Academic/Teaching Responsibilities, Research Involvement, Lifestyle etc. )
• Cardiothoracic Surgery as a Career Path
• Residency in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery: My viewpoint
• ...On Being a Pediatric Cardiac Surgeon
• Multe alte articole foarte interesante pe: Cardiothoracic Surgery Network (CTSNet) - Featured Resident Articles
• Traseul curricular (stagii in rezidentiat)
• Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Chirurgie cardiovasculara
• Pathway Evaluation Network - Specialty profile - Thoracic Surgery
• Guide to choosing a surgical residency

Video-uri interesante:

Ca fapt divers, Dr. Oz (de la TV, pe Euforia) este chirurg cardiovascular.

Vezi si articolul despre Chirurgie generala, deoarece specialitatile chirurgicale sunt inrudite din foarte multe puncte de vedere. In SUA, rezidentiatul pe domenii chirurgicale incepe cu pregatirea in Chirurgie generala. 

Mult succes!!

Cardiologie <<

>> Chirurgie generala

Cardiologie

Dupa curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Cardiologie:

Cardiologia este specialitatea care se ocupă cu depistarea, diagnosticarea, tratarea şi recuperarea bolnavilor cu suferinţe cardiovasculare prin mijloace nechirurgicale.

Durata de pregatire: 5 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

Cardiology is a board-certified subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with diseases of the heart, lungs and blood vessels.  Cardiology involves the prevention, diagnosis, and management of disorders of the cardiovascular system, including ischemic heart disease, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease, pericarditis and myocarditis, endocarditis, congenital heart disease in adults, hypertension, and disorders of the veins, arteries, and pulmonary circulation. Management of risk factors for disease and early diagnosis and intervention for established disease are important elements of the specialty. 

The specialty is relatively high-tech in its approach to diagnosis and treatment and is also on the cutting edge in preventive health and noninvasive treatment modalities. Two areas of specialization include interventional cardiology, the discipline responsible for catheter-based interventions in the management of ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, and acquired valvular disease; and clinical electrophysiology, the discipline that manages complex cardiac arrhythmias with the use of implantable pacemakers and cardioverter defibrillators, as well as the application of other interventional techniques and treatments. 

Cardiologists deal primarily with adults, many of whom are elderly. They manage complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and arrhythmias, perform complicated diagnostic procedures, and consult with surgeons on heart surgery.  The practice involves a wide scope of patient care activities, ranging from basic physical exams to sophisticated interventions in lifeand-death emergencies.  

Five types of illnesses/conditions most frequently encountered:

• Coronary artery disease/angina,
• Congestive heart disease, 
• Hypertension, 
• Arrythmias, 
• Hyperlipidemias.

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty:

Like fighter pilots, cardiologists take calculated risks while exercising skill and precision. As experts in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases, they take care of life-threatening medical conditions that affect a large majority of the population.

Many of the treatment options, whether pharmacologic or interventional, have immediate life-saving benefits. A procedure-oriented specialty, cardiology requires a great deal of manual dexterity. It is a perfect field for those who love gadgets. You will perform cardiac catheterization, electrocardiograms, nuclear stress tests, and echocardiography.

You will place stents within the coronary vasculature, open clogged arteries with balloon angioplasty, and even electrically convert patients into normal sinus rhythms through defibrillation.

Life as a heroic cardiologist, however, can be physically draining. They work extremely long, arduous hours taking care of very sick patients. Due the large numbers of patients admitted to the hospital with heart attacks, cardiologists frequently come to the hospital in the middle of the night.

Despite the rigors of the profession, cardiologists maintain long, intimate relationships with their patients. They also practice preventive medicine by identifying risk factors for early diagnosis of heart disease. If you enjoy studying the anatomy and physiology of the heart and love mastering technical procedures, then cardiology is the subspecialty for you.

Link-uri utile:

You want to be a cardiologist? (BMJ Careers)

Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty profile - Cardiology

Traseul curricular (stagii in rezidentiat)

Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Cardiologie

Video-uri interesante:

Mult succes!!

Boli infectioase <<

>> Chirurgie cardiovasculara

Boli infectioase

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Boli infectioase:

Specialitatea Boli infecţioase este o specialitate medicală care se ocupă cu studiul bolilor provocate de agenţi infecţioşi transmisibili şi netransmisibili, precum şi cu prevenirea, depistarea, diagnosticarea şi tratarea bolilor provocate de prioni, virusuri, bacterii, fungi, paraziti şi alţi agenţi patogeni. 

Durata de pregatire: 4 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

Infectious Diseases is a board-certified subspecialty of internal medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in all ages of patients.  The specialty requires an understanding of the microbiology, prevention and management of disorders caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, including the appropriate use of antimicrobial agents, vaccines, and other immunobiological agents; the environmental, occupational, and host factors that predispose to infection; and the basic principles of epidemiology and transmission of infection. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and the AIDS epidemic have significantly affected this specialty. 

Infectious diseases physicians traditionally worked in university medical centers and had research backgrounds tracking the source of infection in outbreaks of disease.  Today, they are experts in preventive medicine and travel-related conditions as well as having moved to a more patient-oriented practice. They often see referrals with serious infections or problematic responses to treatment. Practice in the field requires a large physician referral base, and some infectious disease physicians practice general internal medicine as well.  

Five types of illnesses/conditions most frequently encountered: HIV/AIDS, Pneumonia, Osteomyelitis, Sepsis, Fever

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty:

If you love studying bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, then the subspecialty of infectious disease is for you. These physicians take the basic science of microbiology and apply it to clinical situations. In their diagnostic workup, they approach the patient’s disease process by taking into consideration recent travel, geographic region, country of origin, and cultural practice. They are experts in the proper collection and analysis of culture specimens, plus a variety of laboratory tests, such as antibiotic sensitivity tests, CD4 counts, and infectious serologies. Their treatment regimens are largely pharmacologic and draw on the latest developments in antibiotic therapy. Through the use of vaccines, they practice a great deal of preventive medicine. 

Most patients who require the expertise of these clinicians have diseases that are short-term in nature. Thus, infectious disease specialists typically serve as consultants for other physicians.

They consult on patients in the hospital for diagnostic challenges (e.g., fever of unknown origin) and for treatment regimens of specific infectious diseases (e.g., bacterial endocarditis, meningitis, cellulitis, sepsis). Many infectious disease physicians maintain longer relationships with patients suffering from chronic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, who require extensive follow up.

Other areas of expertise include infection control within health care settings, international public health, and the prevention of antibiotic resistance through education and research. They also are involved in the tracking and epidemiology of certain communicable diseases. As the threat of biological attack becomes a growing concern, the prevention, recognition, and treatment of bioterrorism are now focal points of infectious disease.

Link-uri interesante:

• Career Paths in Infectious Diseases (Infectious Diseases Society of America)
• 20 Questions, Otha Myles, MD (Infectious Diseases)
• European Commission: Research & Innovation - Health - Infectious Diseases
• Traseu curricular (stagii din rezidentiat)
• Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Boli infectioase
• Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty profile - Infectious Diseases

Video-uri interesante:

Daca sunteti interesati de HIV/SIDA, va recomand sa vedeti filmul And the Band Played On. Mie mi-a placut ff mult. 

Mult succes!!

Anatomie patologica <<

>> Cardiologie

Anatomie Patologica

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Anatomie Patologica:

Şcoala de Specializare în Anatomie Patologică are scopul de formare a medicilor specialişti în sectorul profesional al diagnosticului anatomo – cito -histopatologic al bolilor, care include urmatoarele activitati: examen macroscopic (cu ocazia efectuării necropsiei, si cu ocazia examinarii macroscopice a pieselor chirurgicale), examen microscopic citopatologic (frotiuri, amprente si punctiile aspirative cu ac fin), histopatologic la parafina (al biopsiilor obtinute de la endoscopii, prin punctie – biopsie, al secţiunilor recoltate din piesele chirurgicale, sau al pieselor recoltate la necropsie) histopatologic la gheata (sau al secţiunilor prelevate intraoperator), imunohistochimic şi eventual ultrastructural

> Durata de pregatire: 4 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

   Pathology is a specialty of detection, dealing with the causes and nature of disease.  It contributes to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment through knowledge gained by laboratory application of the basic sciences. As such, this discipline forms the basis of every physician’s thinking about the patient. Modern pathology applies the latest advances in the biological sciences to traditional morphological methods of studying disease. 

   A consulting specialist, the pathologist is truly the doctor’s doctor, with expertise in one or more fields of anatomic pathology and laboratory medicine.  Anatomic pathologists usually work in hospitals, investigating the effects of disease on the human body via autopsies and microscopic examination of tissues, cells and other specimens.  Medical laboratory directors are responsible for the sophisticated laboratory tests on samples of tissues or fluids and the quality and accuracy of the tests. Important subspecialty fields of pathology are surgical pathology (including cytology and fine needle aspiration), neuropathology, and cardiac, pulmonary, and molecular pathology.

   The practice of pathology is most often conducted in community hospitals or in academic medical centers, where patient care, diagnostic services and research go hand in hand. Creation of new knowledge is the lifeblood of pathology, and many academic pathologists devote significant time in their career to research. 

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty

   Pathologists use the oldest diagnostic techniques (gross examination) while at the same time developing the newest (real-time polymerase chain reaction). With these methods, they are at the forefront of medical discovery.

   Pathology is exciting, multidimensional, and fundamental to medicine. Its limited patient interaction makes pathology an often-misunderstood field. No authors ever write novels about the heroic pathologist who spends hours poring over slides and discovers three cancer cells lurking under a lymph node capsule. Movies and television shows never portray the lives saved by a pathologist who detected mesothelioma in a hernia sac or a deadly sarcoma in a seemingly routine gangrenous toe specimen. This is, after all, what pathology is all about.

THE STUDY OF DISEASE AND ILLNESS

   The practice of pathology involves the detection, analysis, and understanding of disease processes. As the only branch of medicine considered both a basic science and a clinical specialty, pathology is somewhat unique. By studying tissues, cells, and fluid samples, pathologists unravel the mystery of how a particular disease arises and develops. To do so, they draw on a variety of methods, ranging from microbiology to molecular biology. All diseased tissues in the body express themselves through symptoms, signs, and laboratory abnormalities. Without the information provided by pathologists, most physicians would have difficulty interpreting their patients’ clinical presentation and managing the progression of their illness.

   Anatomic pathologists always have to be vigilant in their work. Each day, there is the possibility of discovering unexpected disease processes.

WHAT MAKES A GOOD
PATHOLOGIST?
✓ Likes precise scientific evidence.
✓ Has excellent management
and organizational skills.
✓ Is an independent, studious,
and inquisitive person.
✓ Likes serving as a consultant
to other physicians.
✓ Enjoys the challenge of difficult
cases.

   A pathologist requires an exhaustive command of the current medical literature. They have to stay on top of the latest advances and make every effort to assimilate new information. For this reason, pathology tends to attract individuals who never feel satisfied that they know (or will ever master) enough medicine. You must be committed to a lifetime of learning. Most good pathologists are copious readers because they need to know more than just the common disease entities. Their medical colleagues expect them to be ready to discern zebras—unexpected or unusual findings—and the associated clinical implications. “Pathologists have to know just about everything there is to know about disease,” commented a senior resident. This requirement makes pathology intellectually demanding, yet extremely rewarding.

   Pathologists advance our understanding of disease by studying tissues, cells, receptors, proteins, and genes, and their roles in disease. They analyze unusual findings, recognize patterns of disease, and make new connections between abnormal observations. They take new developments from laboratory bench research and test them for bedside utility. They develop new diagnostic tests and procedures, identify gene mutations and new disease entities, and study the pathogenesis of disease. In doing so, many pathologists either conduct their own research or collaborate with other researchers (not necessarily MDs). Through articles in scientific journals, together they bring the latest techniques to the forefront of clinical use. For these reasons and more, pathologists hold an optimal position to pursue descriptive and experimental research.

   Consider a career in pathology because you are prepared to have patients’ diagnoses—and consequently treatment—rest in your hands. Pathologists are real doctors who are simply fascinated by disease and its cellular processes.

Link-uri interesante:

• Why choose Pathology? (raspunsuri ale rezidentilor si medicilor din specialitate)
• Why choose Pathology as a specialty?
• Traseu curricular (stagiile din rezidentiat)
• Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Anatomie Patologica
• Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty profile - Pathology

Video-uri interesante:

Mult succes!!

Anestezie si terapie intensiva (ATI) << 

>> Boli infectioase

Anestezie si Terapie Intensiva (ATI)

Dupa Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Anestezie si Terapie Intensiva:

Anestezia şi terapia intensiva este specialitatea medicala care asigura, prin mijloace farmacologice şi tehnice specifice, pe de o parte condiţiile necesare pentru desfăşurarea actului chirurgical, a îngrijirii perioperatorii şi a altor proceduri diagnostice/terapeutice iar, pe de alta parte,   suportul indispensabil pacientului critic pentru evaluarea şi tratamentul   disfuncţiilor/leziunilor de organ.

Durata de pregatire = 5 ani

Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program:

Anesthesiology has not been accorded with the public’s perception as practicing medicine because the care anesthesiologists provide is intense, usually of limited duration, and almost all of it unseen by the patient who benefits from the work. Anesthesiologists are multiskilled physician specialists with strong backgrounds in the principles of physiology, pharmacology, internal medicine, pain management, and surgical procedures. They apply their knowledge of medicine to fulfill their primary role in the operating room. Traditionally, that role has been understood to include providing for comfort of the patient by anesthetizing the pain of surgery. 

Yet it is the anesthesiologist’s foremost purpose and concern to protect the patient’s well-being and safety just prior to, during, and after surgery. 

Anesthesiologists have many responsibilities:  preoperative evaluation of patients to determine conditions that may complicate surgery; management of pain and emotional stress during surgical, obstetrical, and medical procedures; provision of life support under the stress of anesthesia and surgery; immediate postoperative care of the patient; and knowledge of drugs and their interactions with anesthetic agents. Their functions also include pain management; management of problems in cardiac and respiratory resuscitation; application of specific methods of inhalation therapy; and emergency clinical management of various fluid, electrolyte, and 

metabolic disturbances. 

Dupa Association of American Medical Colleges - Careers in Medicine:

Nature of the work:

An anesthesiologist is trained to provide pain relief and maintenance or restoration of a stable condition during and immediately following an operation or an obstetric or diagnostic procedure. The anesthesiologist assesses the risk of the patient undergoing surgery and optimizes the patient's condition prior to, during, and after surgery. In addition to these management responsibilities, the anesthesiologist provides medical management and consultation in pain management and critical care medicine. Anesthesiologists diagnose and treat acute, long-standing, and cancer pain problems; critical illnesses; and severe injuries. They also direct resuscitation in the care of patients with cardiac or respiratory emergencies, including the need for artificial ventilation, as well as supervise post anesthesia recovery.

Anesthesiologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:

- critical care medicine, which involves diagnosing, treating, and supporting critically ill and injured patients, particularly trauma victims and patients with multiple organ dysfunction.

- hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.

- pain medicine, which involves diagnosing and treating of the entire range of painful disorders. These anesthesiologists care for patients experiencing problems with acute, chronic, and cancer pain.

Dupa Critical Care Physician Career Profile (CVTips.com):

Critical care physicians, also known as intensivists, are trained to diagnose, monitor and treat patients who have life-threatening illnesses and injuries. They provide care to infants, children and adults who have severe cardiac and respiratory conditions, complications from surgery, trauma to the brain, renal failure and bacterial infections. Critical care physicians work in the intensive care units (ICU) or the progressive care units (PCU) of hospitals.

Duties

Critical care physicians extensively monitor a patient’s condition by performing a review of systems (ROS). This involves checking their neurological, cardiac, respiratory, digestive and urinary functions to make sure they are all responding appropriately. If not, physicians will order special medical equipment, such as ventilators, catheters and feeding tubes and prescribe certain medications to help stabilize the patient. Critical care physicians order and interpret laboratory and diagnostic tests, such complete blood counts (CBC), metabolic profiles, echocardiograms, electrocardiograms (EKGs), MRIs, CT scans and x-rays. They also record medical histories, review of system findings and progress notes into the patient’s chart, counsel the patient’s family on how their loved one is progressing and instruct the critical care staff, such as nurses or physicians assistants, on any new therapies or medications being prescribed.

Typical Day
Critical care physicians spend the morning and late afternoon performing medical rounds were they visit with patients, perform a review of systems and order any necessary tests or medications. After rounds, physicians record their findings into the patient’s medical record and consult with other specialists, such as infectious disease or cardiology on the patient’s condition. While on call, critical care physicians may need to make an emergency visit to the hospital or handle a less threatening situation over the phone. Occasionally, critical care physicians are required to travel for conferences or continuing education seminars.

Salary

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, physicians saw a median annual salary of $339,738, as of 2008.

Dupa The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a Medical Specialty (!! nu stiu cand va expira acest link de unde puteti downloada cartea gratuit; v-as sugera sa o scoateti, e interesanta):

WHAT MAKES A GOOD 

ANESTHESIOLOGIST?

✓ Can pay attention to detail for

long periods of time.

✓ Likes working with his or her

hands.

✓ Can make fast decisions during stressful, rapidly changing

situations.

✓ Is a congenial, confident, easygoing person.

✓ Likes to see immediate results

of his or her efforts.

If you are considering a career in anesthesiology, the future looks very bright. The current data project a significant shortage of anesthesiologists for the next 10 years.

Video-uri utile:

Documente utile si link-uri de vizitat pentru mai multe informatii cu privire la Anestezie si Terapie Intensiva (ATI):

• Specialty of Anesthesiology (Pennsylvania Society of Anesthesiologists)
• Anesthesiologist (Wikipedia)
• FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ANESTHESIA AS A CAREER IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
• Traseu curricular - stagii in rezidentiat
• Curriculum de pregatire in specialitatea Anestezie si Terapie Intensiva
• Pathway Evaluation Program - Specialty Profile - Anesthesiology

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Cred ca ATI este o optiune super-interesanta, in special pentru rezidentiat 2012, datorita numarului mare de posturi disponibile. Chiar si pe loc, nevoie de anestezisti va fi mereu. De asemenea, ca anestezist intotdeauna vei lucra intr-un oras mare si intr-un spital care ofera servicii complexe.

Mult succes!!

Alergologie si imunologie clinica <<

>> Anatomie patologica

Alergologie si imunologie clinica

• Dupa Curriculum-ul de pregatire:

Specialitatea de Alergologie şi Imunologie Clinică se ocupă cu studiul bolilor alergice, a bolilor şi sindroamelor disimunitare, care includ tulburări de imunoreglare şi imunodeficienţe. 

Alergologia se ocupă cu depistarea şi diagnosticarea, profilaxia şi tratamentul (medicamentos şi/sau imunoterapie), asistenţa medicală şi recuperarea pacienţilor cu boli alergice (afecţiuni de hipersensibilitate iniţiate prin mecanisme imunologice). 

Imunologia clinică se ocupă cu disfuncţiile sistemului imunitar, precum şi cu aspectele imunologice ale afecţiunilor în care este implicat sistemul imunitar. Asistenţa de imunologie clinică se realizează de obicei în cadrul asistenţei medicale multidisciplinare, şi include, după caz, tratamente imunologice pentru pacienţii cu boli şi sindroame disimunitare prin mijloace nechirurgicale şi neradioterapeutice. 

Denumirea corectă a specialităţii dată de UEMS este Alergologie şi Imunologie Clinică.

Durata de pregatire = 4 ani

• Dupa Pathway Evaluation Program for Medical Professionals (GlaxoSmithKline): 

Allergy and immunology is a subspecialty that deals with the human body’s reaction to foreign substances. Physicians who specialize in allergy and immunology are trained to prevent, diagnose and treat allergic, asthmatic, and immunologic diseases (e.g., hay fever, hives, rheumatoid arthritis, and HIV). These specialists can track down which substance or allergen is causing the problem, advice how to eliminate the cause, and start a treatment plan.

Another career option is laboratory immunology—applying laboratory methods to problems in human disease involving changes in immune responses and performing, interpreting, and evaluating the clinical relevance of special laboratory procedures related to immunologically based diseases.

• Dupa Association of American Medical Colleges - Careers in Medicine:

Nature of the work:

A physician who specializes in allergy and immunology is trained in the evaluation, physical and laboratory diagnosis and management of disorders involving the immune system. Selected examples of such conditions include: asthma, anaphylaxis, rhinitis, eczema and adverse reactions to drugs, foods and insect stings as well as immune deficiency diseases (both acquired and congenital), defects in host defense and problems related to autoimmune disease, organ transplantation or malignancies of the immune system. As our understanding of the immune system develops, the scope of this specialty is widening.

• Dupa http://www.asthmaallergywhat.com :

The specialty of Allergy-Immunology is a unique medical field that encompasses a broad array of diagnoses, ranging from nasal and sinus problems and severe food or bee sting allergy to recurrent infections due to sinus disease and immune deficiency. Asthma is an important medical problem diagnosed and treated by allergy specialists because most individuals with this disorder have underlying allergy. Researchers in this discipline have made and continue to make significant contributions to the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of this disease. New methods of treatment are being developed by Allergists-Immunologists for a number of allergic disorders including asthma. Diagnostic and management protocols for asthma and other allergic disorders are developed by members of this specialty.

• Dupa American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology:

A Rewarding Career in Allergy / Immunology

Allergy / immunology represents a vibrant, challenging career path for physicians and allied health professionals interested in working with patients of all ages with a wide range of allergic and immunologic diseases.

What does an allergist / immunologist do?

Specialists in allergy and immunology have a range of opportunities within research, education and clinical practice. An allergist / immunologist may manage pediatric and adult patients with a variety of medical problems including:

a) Diseases of the respiratory tract such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and occupational lung diseases

b) Allergic diseases of the eye including allergic conjunctivitis

c) Allergic conditions of the skin including atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, acute/chronic urticaria or angioedema

d) Adverse reactions to foods, drugs, vaccines, stinging insects and other agents

e) Diseases associated with autoimmune responses to self-antigens, or auto-inflammatory syndromes

f) Diseases of the immune system including primary immune deficiencies such as severe combined immune deficiency syndromes, antibody deficiencies, complement deficiency, phagocytic cell abnormalities, or other impairments in innate immunity and acquired immune deficiency related to HIV infection or drug-induced immune suppression.

g) Stem cell, bone marrow and/or organ transplantation

h) Gastrointestinal disorders caused by immune responses to foods including eosinophilic esophagitis or gastroenteritis, food protein-induced enteropathies

i) Systemic diseases including anaphylaxis and systemic diseases involving mast cells or eosinophils

Why should I choose to become an allergist / immunologist?

The subspecialty offers the opportunity to work with patients with common diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis, and immune-mediated food hypersensitivities. The field of immunology is rapidly advancing, and the subspecialty provides opportunities to work with patients with rare and potentially life-threatening disorders of the immune system, as well as managing more complex issues related to diagnosis and treatment.

Individuals pursuing research careers in the subspecialty have the ability to advance medical knowledge and to translate it into clinically relevant strategies for diagnosis and treatment of allergic and immunologic conditions. In allergy / immunology, a physician can follow individual patients throughout their lives, and also provide care to other family members of all ages who have the same or similar condition.

Some A/I specialists choose clinical careers in either private offices or teaching hospitals; while others are involved primarily in research as physician-scientists at medical schools, or in government or industry. The academic allergist / immunologist frequently combines patient care with medical school teaching and research.

Video-uri utile:

Documente utile si link-uri de vizitat pentru mai multe informatii cu privire la Alergologie si imunologie clinica:

• Pathway Evaluation Program - Allergy and Immunology Specialty profile - Pe langa partea introductiva, la sfarsitul documentului sunt informatii interesante legate de cele mai frecvente boli intalnite, caracteristicile pacientilor, programul de lucru si opinii ale medicilor care practica. 
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology
• Traseul Curicular - Stagiile din rezidentiat
• Curricula completa de pregatire in specialitatea Alergologie si Imunologie Clinica
• A Rewarding Career in Allergy / Immunology

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Din cate am citit despre Alergologie si imunologie clinica, cred ca este o specialitate mult mai interesanta decat pare la prima vedere. Imbina foarte mult clinica, lucrul in laborator si cercetarea. Pare a fi de asemenea una dintre specialitatile "intelectuale" in care trebuie sa fii un fel de detectiv, sa descoperi la ce este alergic pacientul tau si sa il tratezi. Desi persoanele cu alergii sunt foarte, foarte multe, specialitatea iti ofera totusi un program relativ flexibil, care iti permite sa ai poate si alte activitati in afara de medicina. Partea de cercetare e fascinanta. 

Mult succes!!

Nomenclator de specialitati medicale <<

>> Anestezie si terapie intensiva (ATI)